Millions of disposable nappies are thrown into residual waste bins across Germany every single day, which means they are sent to incineration plants. This is the normal route. But normal is not always right. And when it comes to disposable nappies, this is anything but sustainable. While thermal treatment does indeed generate energy, all of the materials are lost to us forever. A nappy is a highly complex product containing a variety of plastics. There are two reasons why incinerating plastic is not the best solution. Firstly, a valuable raw material – which really should be recycled – is destroyed forever. Secondly, incinerating plastic is bad for the climate and bad for the environment. A different solution is needed here. We at REMONDIS have found one – or rather built one: a state-of-the-art and, most importantly, a sustainable recycling plant specifically for nappies.
are recovered from one tonne of nappies
*by adding sewage sludge
When it comes to nappy recycling, the magic word is thermal pressure hydrolysis. This is a process that melts down the nappies at a temperature of 250°C and at a pressure of 40 bar rather than incinerate them. As a result, the individual components of the nappies – primarily polymers and cellulose – can be separated from each other and recovered. The whole system generates high quality recycled raw materials – in the form of plastic granules and paper – which can be returned to production cycles and reused. But that’s not all. The leftover material is then enriched with digested sewage sludge in a downstream process. This produces high-purity biogas that can be transformed into green electricity.
Heating the materials up under high pressure guarantees that all bacteria are destroyed
The nappy recycling pilot plant is being operated by the Dutch recycling firm, ARN. The research work was carried out by the University of Brandenburg and the development work by Elsinga Beleidsplanning en Innovatie B.V.
The nappy recycling system is currently being operated on an industrial scale in the Dutch town of Weurt near Nimwegen. We opened a facility here in December 2018, which is currently in the process of being expanded. Once the expansion work has been completed in the middle of 2021, the facility will be able to process 15,000 tonnes of nappies every year. Several years of tests had been performed before the plant was built. The first trial began in 2013 when the deliberate decision was made to set up just a small-scale facility. Since then, we have gradually improved the process so that it is now market ready. Our short-term goal is to expand our nappy recycling capacities so we can further promote sustainable development. Over the medium term, we wish to set up the technology at other European locations so that the logistics also meets our high sustainability standards. At the end of the day, nappies can be found in every single country.
Recycling nappies is far better for our climate than incinerating them. When our plant reaches full capacity and is able to process 15,000 tonnes of nappies a year, it will cut carbon emissions by 14,460 tonnes.
Being able to guarantee materials recycling is just one side of the coin. The other is ensuring that nappies are collected as a segregated waste stream. This is a basic prerequisite for nappy recycling. Segregated collection schemes already exist in a number of European countries. Others – including Germany – have not set up such systems yet. Being a pioneer – in the area of nappy recycling in particular and in the area of sustainability in general – we are doing everything in our power to make sure progress is made here, too. We can, of course, set an example and show the way in the private sector. And this is precisely what we are doing – for example, by offering institutions such as hospitals and care homes waste management concepts that include a separate storage and collection system for absorbent hygiene products.
One thing is clear: the subject of nappy recycling will become more and more important. While there is a growing supply of organic nappies (i.e. nappies made with plastic that is not produced from petroleum) on the market, conventional nappies are likely to remain the product of choice for the majority of parents for the foreseeable future. Over three billion disposable nappies are used in Germany every year. What’s more, nappy manufacturers are always trying to offer their customers newer, improved products. In such cases, ‘improved’ generally means a more complex composition of materials and a more sophisticated mix of plastics. This will not make the challenge faced by recycling businesses any easier. Yet another reason, therefore, for us to keep trying to advance this particular field of recycling.
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