Melting polar ice caps and glaciers, an ever growing number of regions suffering from droughts or other natural disasters – the consequences of the man-made greenhouse effect are plain to see and are becoming more and more devastating. It is clear that action must be taken to counteract this development and reduce climate change to a level that is at least halfway tolerable. Many years ago, a concrete goal was decided on in order to achieve this, namely to slow down global warming and ensure it does not exceed the threshold of a 2°C increase on pre-industrial levels. A goal that has been pursued in – at best – a half-hearted manner for too long now and one that can only be achieved if all nations truly pull together. The resolutions reached at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference, however, were encouraging with, for the first time ever, practically every single nation pledging to reduce their carbon emissions. A sign for hope, therefore, and a sign that humankind has finally made it into the next age – the 'Age of Sustainability'. For the fact remains that climate change can only be halted if all sections of society are sustainable – from energy production to product design, from political frameworks to the consumer behaviour of each individual.
If the 2°C target is to be achieved, then global carbon emissions must have been reduced to 2.5 tonnes per capita per year by 2050. In Germany, for example, this figure currently lies at 10.2 tonnes
The waves of innovation from the 18th to the 21st Century
The term 'sustainability' originates from the world of forestry and was coined for the first time by Hans Carl von Carlowitz in 1713. His principle of sustainability was simply that the number of trees felled should not exceed the number of trees able to be replenished. Whilst today's understanding of the term sustainability has a much wider reach, the fundamental principle remains the same. It is still all about not consuming more resources than our planet is able to replenish, than can be regenerated or than can be made available again. Only now it no longer refers only to wood but to all raw materials. The subjects of recycling and sustainability are, therefore, closely entwined. Both aim to use raw materials so that (a) there is never a lack of supply and (b) the environment does not suffer. If the whole concept is thought through and implemented across the board, then sustainability becomes an integral component of everything we do and affects all social, political and economic processes.
As far as a company is concerned, running a sustainable business is not only a means to increase efficiency but is also responsibility in practice. If governments and the business world fail to act in a sustainable way, then the inevitable outcome is inequality among generations as well as among nations. The fact remains that neither future generations nor today's developing countries will be able to achieve the quality of life currently found in the industrial nations unless they, too, have access to sufficient quantities of raw materials.
Further details regarding sustainability in Germany, the EU and the world as a whole can be found in the section Sustainable development strategies
It all began in the forest
The chief mining administrator, Hans Carl Carlowitz, developed the principle of sustainability for the forestry industry.
Spring: The “Limits to Growth” study
This study, commissioned by the Club of Rome, provided scientific proof for the very first time that human production processes and consumer behaviour were putting the Earth at risk.
June: 1st Conference on the Human Environment
The United Nations (UN) held its first Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. This event triggered the first ever global environmental policies.
Report: “Our Common Future”
The World Commission on Environment and Development published a report on our common future and defined the concept of sustainable development.
June: United Nations Earth Summit in Rio
The nations taking part in the summit declared their commitment to sustainable development and signed a convention on climate change. The Agenda 21 was established with the goal of creating prosperity and a high quality of life for all people around the world.
September: Millennium development goals
The United Nations drew up eight millennium development goals (MDGs) to combat poverty, hunger and child mortality in developing countries.
May 2001: The EU develops its own strategy
The European Union drew up its first strategy on sustainable development
June: 3rd Earth Summit in Rio
Following the suggestion of Columbia and Guatemala, 192 nations agreed to develop global sustainability goals.
September: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) were agreed on during the 70th United Nations General Assembly that apply to all countries around the world.
December: UN Climate Change Conference in Paris
196 nations signed a legally-binding agreement to curb global warming. The resolutions affect all sectors of society.
For the most part, people identify sustainability with the environment and resource conservation. By definition, however, sustainability is considerably more complex. Not only ecology plays a decisive role but also social and economic issues. This division into three individual parts is particularly relevant when a company wishes to create a sustainable business. Simply looking at environmental issues is not enough. Subjects such as good working conditions and long-term commercial success are equally important. The most common form used to present the system of sustainability is the so-called 'three pillars of sustainability' which is also based on a draft paper drawn up by the Enquête Commission of the German Bundestag. Various modified forms of this model exist – for example where the environmental pillar is illustrated as an inherent part of all other areas. What all the variations have in common, however, is that they emphasise the interaction between the various different aspects. True sustainability is only possible if there are sufficient quantities of all components.
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